Mass incarceration comes at a moral cost to every American. America, known the world over as the land of the free, was founded on the principle of liberty and justice for all. Our freedoms are to be envied in many respects. We have a free press and are protected by the First Amendment, which allows us to openly criticize our government.

What is the American dream? It is a "one big tent" dream, where all of us fit inside and no one is left in the margins. Under this tent there are five basic promises: equal protection under the law, equal opportunity, equal access, fair share, and a concern for the least of us.

Yet, through the prison-industrial complex and the "War on Drugs," access to justice for many is denied. A large proportion of the growth in US incarceration is not the result of increasing crime rates, which have been falling since 1992, but instead the "War on Drugs," whose arsenal includes policies such as mandatory-minimum sentencing and "three strikes" laws.

Sixty-five percent of all prisoners are high school dropouts, 70 percent are functionally illiterate, and 63 percent recidivate. We are often tempted to think of China as an oppressive country, but we incarcerate 500,000 more people in this country -- despite the fact that we have less than one-fourth the population of China. We lock up our poor, our uneducated, our unruly, our unstable and our addicted, where other countries provide treatment, mental hospitals and care.

The financial costs of maintaining such a system are staggering. Operating prisons this year will cost about $46 billion. States spending on prisons has grown far faster than that on universities.

We are increasingly becoming a nation of first-class jails and second-class schools. The United States is spending an average of $7,000 per year to educate a youth, and over $35,000 to lock up a youth.

These costs come at the expense of minorities especially, and young African American men in particular. African Americans represent 15 percent of regular drug users, compared to 67 percent for whites and 13 percent for Hispanics. Yet African Americans make up 35 percent of those arrested for drug possession, 55 percent of drug convictions, and 74 percent of those sentenced to prison for drug possession.

Similar disparities are found throughout the court system, from arrest on through death penalty sentencing and the plea bargaining process at the federal level. And racial disparities in the criminal justice system do not stop at adult incarceration, but increasingly impact African-American youths as well. Although overall juvenile violent crime declined by 30 percent between 1994 and 1998, juvenile incarceration has continued to rise, particularly among African American youth. Most devastatingly, all 50 states now have laws that allow juveniles to be tried as adults. The movement toward youth involvement in adult courts is similar to "get tough" schemes in the education system. And, as is the case for school discipline policies, the rise in juvenile incarceration has disproportionately impacted minority youth. Consequently, although minority youth are one-third of the youth population nationwide, they represent two-thirds of all youth confined in local detention and state correctional systems.

As a result of all this, minority, particularly African American, communities are losing tremendous human capital as their members are warehoused in prisons. The loss of young able-bodied members of the community is as consequential as losses suffered on the continent of Africa as a result of the slave trade. High rates of incarceration among minorities further erode communities that are already depressed, when members must support increasing numbers of economically, socially, and politically impaired men, women, and children.

Another devastating impact of rising incarceration rates among African Americans is disenfranchisement from the voting process. Dozens of states bar current and former convicts from voting. As a result, 3.9 million US citizens are disenfranchised, including 1.4 million who have completed their prison and jail terms. While African Americans represent approximately 13 percent of the US population, they represent 36 percent of the total number of US citizens who have lost their right to vote. The gains of the civil-rights movement are thus being rolled back by the march of the prison-industrial complex.

Challenging these trends requires concerted action from all elements of our society.