Extreme poverty is defined as half of the poverty level or less ($11,025 for a family of four).

Over 45 percent of young  minority children are poor compared to 14.6 percent of young White children.

Family Structure & Income

Thirty-eight percent of minority children live with two parents, compared to 77 percent of White children, 
 

Fifty-one percent of minority children live with only their mother. Minority children are more than three times as likely to live with their mother only as are White children.

Minority children are more than two-and-a-half times as likely as White children to live with neither parent.

Almost five percent of minority children live with grandparents, and just under two percent of minority children live with other relatives. 

Minority children are more than twice as likely as White children to be in foster care. 

Minority  children are over six times as likely as White children to have a parent in prison.

Minority babies were 2.5 times as likely as White babies to be born to an unmarried mother. 
Black babies were more than twice as likely as White babies to be born to a teen mother.

Income
Black families with children have a median income less than half that of White families. The median income for Black families with children was $32,049, compared to $71,881 for White families. 

The median income for a Black female-headed household with one or more children and without a husband present was $21,082, less than $3,000 above the poverty level for a family of three.18 Almost half of Black female-headed families with children were poor. 
Almost two-thirds of Black children are raised in families in the bottom fifth of the income distribution compared to only 11 percent of White children.

Health
Many of the health problems Black children face can be attributed to the effects of poverty. Poverty stacks the odds against children before birth and decreases their chance of being born healthy and at normal birthweight. Lack of prenatal care, low birthweight, poor health and being uninsured put young Black children at high risk of entering the Cradle to Prison Pipeline.

Black Babies Are Born at a Disadvantage.

Black babies are more than twice as likely to die before their first birthday as White babies.

The Black infant mortality rate in 2009 was about the same as the White infant mortality rate in 1977. 

Black babies were more than twice as likely as White babies to be born to mothers who received late or no prenatal care in 18 of the 25 states for which data are available for 2009. 

A Black baby was almost twice as likely as a White or Hispanic baby to be born at low birthweight in 2009.  A child born at low birthweight is more likely to have health, behavioral, and learning problems down the road.

Early Childhood Development & School Readiness
Disparities in development and school readiness are very much evident in the early stages of children’s development. Many of these disparities can be traced to low socioeconomic status which is highly connected to race and ethnicity and other demographic characteristics. Young Black children often score lower than White children on measures of proficiency and cognitive development. They are at risk of being funneled into the prison pipeline early in life.

Black Children Fall Behind Early On
 At nine months Black babies score lower on measures of cognitive development than White babies. 
 At 24 months the gap in cognitive development has more than tripled between Black babies and White babies. 
 At age four Black children scored significantly behind White children in their proficiency in letter, number and shape recognition.

Too Many Black Children Enter School Behind

Black infants and toddlers spend more time on average watching television daily, are less likely to have regular mealtimes and have far fewer books than White children. 
 

On average, Black children arrive at kindergarten and/or first grade with lower levels of school readiness than White children.

Education
A lack of a quality education contributes to the devastating Cradle to Prison Pipeline. The overrepresentation of poor and minority children in grade retention, out-of-school suspensions and special education have interacted with low teacher expectations to contribute to these children’s discouragement, low self-esteem and disengagement from school. Poor Black children experience less-qualified teachers, inadequate education facilities and few resources. Black children experience too few Black teachers in the classroom. Only seven percent of public school teachers are Black,35 and only two percent are Black males.36
Retention, Suspension, Expulsion and Corporal Punishment
 Black children were 16 percent of sixth through eighth graders but 42 percent of students in those grades who were held back a year in 2009.37
 • Although Black students comprised only 18 percent of students in public schools in 2009, they represented:
 40 percent of all students who experienced corporal punishment;38
 35 percent of all students who received one out-of-school suspension;39
 46 percent of all students who received multiple out-of-school suspensions;40
 39 percent of all students expelled.41

The Achievement Gap
• Black children continue to fall further and further behind as they progress through school:  

In fourth grade 84 percent of Black public school students cannot read at grade level and 83 percent cannot do math at grade level; 

 In eighth grade 86 percent of Black public school students cannot read at grade level and 87 percent cannot do math at grade level; 

 Black students score the lowest of any racial/ethnic student group on the ACT and SAT college entrance exams.

Teacher Experience and School Curriculum
Fifteen percent of teachers in schools with the most Black and Hispanic students are in their first or second year of teaching compared to eight percent of teachers in schools serving the fewest Black and Hispanic students. 
Black children are 19 percent of students in districts offering gifted and talented education programs but only 10 percent of students enrolled in those programs. 
Sixty-two percent of high schools serving the most Black and Hispanic students offer Algebra II compared to 82 percent of schools serving the fewest Black and Hispanic students.

High School Dropouts
Sixty-four percent of Black students graduate from high school within four years of starting ninth grade compared to 82 percent of White students.
Thirty-five percent of the nation’s Black students in 2008 attended one of the 1,700 “dropout factories,” high schools where less than 60 percent of the freshman class graduate in four years; only eight percent of the nation’s White students attended such schools.

College or Prison?
Black males age 18 and over in 2008 represented only five percent of the total college student population, but 36 percent of the total prison population.
Thirty-eight percent of Black young adults 18 to 24 were enrolled in institutions of higher education in 2010, compared to 43 percent of White young adults.51

Job Status & Income of Young Adults
The recession has created an extremely difficult labor market for all youth, but minority youth face the harshest impact. Black college graduates compared to other college graduates, for example, have the second-highest unemployment rate52 and the highest levels of education loan debt.53 These facts bode ill for Black wealth creation.
 

Employment and Unemployment
As of June 2012 almost one in three Black young adults ages 16 to 24 was unemployed. Five years ago, before the recession, about one in five was unemployed. 
 An average of nearly half of Black high school graduates ages 17 to 20 were unemployed from April 2011 to March 2012, the highest unemployment rate of any racial/ethnic group.
 In the same time period, the unemployment rate for young Black college graduates ages 21 to 24 averaged 10.8 percent, compared to 8.7 percent for their White peers. 
 The unemployment rate for Black males age 20 and over (14.0 percent) was more than twice as high as the unemployment rate for White males (6.7 percent) in June 2012. 
 An analysis of 2008 data found that the employment rate among Black male dropouts (excluding those in jail or prison) was 42 percent; this rate fell to 26 percent when inmates were included in the population count.57

Income

Black males ages 25 to 64 are more likely to have a lower income than White males with similar educational backgrounds. In 2010, the gap in median earnings between Black and White males with some high school education but no diploma was approximately $6,000. The gap between Black and White males with master’s degrees was almost $15,000. 

 In 2010, White high school graduates ages 25 to 64 earned an average of $31,143, compared to $24,935 for Black graduates. For those with a bachelor’s degree or higher, the median earnings were $55,363 for White graduates and $45,952 for Black graduates. 
 

Black families experience more downward mobility and less upward mobility than White families. Across all income levels, Black children are less likely than White children to have higher incomes than their parents.60 

 More than half of Black children raised in the bottom fifth of the income distribution stay there as adults compared to a third of White children raised in the bottom fifth.61

Wealth & Asset Development
 

All parents and caregivers aspire to support their children and assist them in doing better in life than previous generations did. But the future outlook for many is bleak.

Fifty-seven percent of Black children are raised in households in the bottom fifth of the wealth distribution compared to 14 percent of White children.

The average wealth of White households was 20 times that of Black households in 2009. This is the largest gap observed since these data were first published a quarter century ago.63

The recession hit Black households particularly hard, with the average wealth for this group dropping by 53 percent from 2005 to 2009. The average wealth for White households dropped just 16 percent.64
The typical Black household had a net worth (assets minus debts) of $5,677 in 2009 compared to $113,149 for White households. Black households were more than twice as likely as White households to have zero or negative net worth, with over a third of Black households in this situation.65

Minority households are more than twice as likely as White households to be “asset poor,” meaning that a household does not have enough net worth to live at the poverty level for three months in the absence of income. In 2009, 44 percent of minority households were asset poor compared to 20 percent of White households.

Black homeowners were almost twice as likely to be affected by the housing crisis as White households. Almost a quarter of all Black borrowers with a mortgage that started between 2004 and 2008 had lost their home to foreclosure by early 2011 or were seriously delinquent, meaning that they were 60 days or more late in their payments or were in the process of foreclosure.67

Violence
Family violence, gun violence and community violence threaten children’s sense of security, hope and vision for the future. They push children deeper into the prison pipeline.
Child Abuse and Neglect
 Black children have the highest rate of abuse and neglect.68 In 2010, 28.1 percent of deaths from child maltreatment were Black children. 
 More than one in five victims of child abuse and neglect in 2010 were Black.

Gun Violence
 While the annual number of firearm deaths of White children and teens decreased by 44 percent between 1979 and 2009, the deaths of Black children and teens increased by 30 percent.71
 Forty-three percent of all children and youth killed by firearms in 2009 were Black. Black males ages 15 to 19 were more than eight times as likely as White males and more than two-and-a-half times as likely as Hispanic males in the same age group to be killed in a firearm homicide in 2009. 
Over 90 percent of firearm deaths of Black children and teens in 2009 were homicides (1,092) and six percent were suicides; among White children and teens just under half of all firearm deaths in 2009 were homicides (730) and 46 percent were suicides. 
 

The number of Black children and teens killed by gunfire from 1979 to 2009 is nearly 13 times the number of Black men, women and children of all ages lynched between 1882 and 1968.

Involvement in the Juvenile & Adult Criminal Justice Systems
Children of color, particularly Black children, are grossly overrepresented in the juvenile justice system. Involvement in the system is associated with poorer outcomes later in life in health, education and economic mobility. Young Black men without a high school diploma are incarcerated at very high rates, and for many, serving time in prison has become a “normal life event.”

Juvenile Arrests and Incarceration

Black children are more than twice as likely as White children to be arrested. From ages 1017 a Black youth is more than five times as likely as a White youth to be arrested for a violent crime. 

 Black children are less likely than White or Hispanic teens to abuse drugs or alcohol,76 but Black children are over one and a half times as likely as White children to be arrested for drug offenses77 and more than three times as likely to be in secure residential placements for these offenses.78 

 Nationally, Black youth are more than four-and-a-half times as likely as White youth to be detained in a juvenile correctional facility. About two-thirds of them are detained for nonviolent offenses. 

 • Blacks constituted 16 percent of the youth population (ages 10-17). They
constituted:

 31 percent of all juvenile arrests. 
 25 percent of all juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations. 
 51 percent of all juvenile arrests for violent offenses. 
 

• On June 25, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that juveniles could not be subject to mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole. Of the approximately 2,500 juveniles across the nation serving life sentences, the Supreme Court decision could change the sentences of more than 2,000 of them. A 2009 study found that 56 percent of juveniles serving life sentences without parole were Black. 85 In 17 states, more than 60 percent of juveniles serving life sentences without parole were Black. For example:
 In Alabama, it was 84 percent (75 of 89).
 In Maryland, 79 percent (15 of 19).
 In South Carolina, 79 percent (11 of 14).86

Adult Incarceration 
 

Black males born in 2001 are more than five times as likely as White males to be incarcerated some time in their lifetime. This gap is even larger for females, with Black females born in 2001 more than six times as likely as their White peers to be incarcerated at some point. 
 One in 12 working-age Black men was in prison or jail in 2008, compared to one in 87 working-age White men. 
 Nearly one in 10 Black men ages 30 through 34 were held in state or federal prison or jail in 2010, compared to one in 63 White men that same age. 
 Black adult men were incarcerated in state and federal facilities at over six times the rate of White adult men in 2010, and Black adult women were incarcerated at more than two-and-ahalf times the rate of White adult women.

Global Comparisons of U.S. Incarceration
The U.S. has five percent of the world’s population, but 25 percent of the world’s prison inmate population.
In 2008, 2.3 million or one in 100 adults in America were behind bars. 
 The rate of incarceration in the U.S. climbed from 22193 to 74394 per 100,000 from 1980 to 2011. This is more than a 300 percent increase.
 The U.S. houses more inmates than all European nations combined.95

Black children are over three times as likely to be poor as White children.

While the annual number of firearm deaths of White children and teens decreased by 44 percent between 1979 and 2009, the deaths of Black children and teens increased by 30 percent. Forty-three percent of all children and youth killed by firearms in 2009 were Black.

Black males born in 2001 are more than five times as likely as White males to be incarcerated some time in their lifetime. This gap is even larger for females, with Black females born in 2001 more than six times as likely as their White peers to be incarcerated at some point.

In America, 1 in 3 Black and 1 in 6 Latino boys born in 2001 are at risk of imprisonment during their lifetime. While boys are five times as likely to be incarcerated as girls, there also is a significant number of girls in the juvenile justice system.

Even when high school graduates were included, half of black men in their 20's were jobless in 2004, up from 46 percent in 2000.

Criminal Justice 

Incarceration rates climbed in the 1990's and reached historic highs in the past few years. In 1995, 16 percent of black men in their 20's who did not attend college were in jail or prison; by 2004, 21 percent were incarcerated. By their mid-30's, 6 in 10 black men who had dropped out of school had spent time in prison.

more than half of all black men do not finish high school.

According to census data, there are about five million black men ages 20 to 39 in the United States.

Terrible schools, absent parents, racism, the decline in blue collar jobs and a subculture that glorifies swagger over work have all been cited as causes of the deepening ruin of black youths.

"Many of these men grew up fatherless, and they never had good role models

"No one around them knows how to navigate the mainstream society."

All the negative trends are associated with poor schooling, studies have shown, and progress has been slight in recent years. Federal data tend to understate dropout rates among the poor, in part because imprisoned youths are not counted.

Closer studies reveal that in inner cities across the country, more than half of all black men still do not finish high school, said Gary Orfield, an education expert at Harvard and editor of "Dropouts in America" (Harvard Education Press, 2004).

"We're pumping out boys with no honest alternative," Mr. Orfield said in an interview, "and of course their neighborhoods offer many other alternatives."

Dropout rates for Hispanic youths are as bad or worse but are not associated with nearly as much unemployment or crime, the data show.

By 2004, 50 percent of black men in their 20's who lacked a college education were jobless, as were 72 percent of high school dropouts, These are more than double the rates for white and Hispanic men.

First, the high rate of incarceration and attendant flood of former offenders into neighborhoods have become major impediments. Men with criminal records tend to be shunned by employers, and young blacks with clean records suffer by association

Arrests of black men climbed steeply during the crack epidemic of the 1980's, but since then the political shift toward harsher punishments, more than any trends in crime, has accounted for the continued growth in the prison population, Mr. Western said.

By their mid-30's, 30 percent of black men with no more than a high school education have served time in prison, and 60 percent of dropouts have, Mr. Western said.

Among black dropouts in their late 20's, more are in prison on a given day — 34 percent — than are working — 30 percent — according to an analysis of 2000 census data by Steven Raphael of the University of California, Berkeley.

The second special factor is related to an otherwise successful policy: the stricter enforcement of child support. Improved collection of money from absent fathers has been a pillar of welfare overhaul. But the system can leave young men feeling overwhelmed with debt and deter them from seeking legal work, since a large share of any earnings could be seized.

Education 

About half of all black men in their late 20's and early 30's who did not go to college are noncustodial fathers, according to Mr. Holzer. From the fathers' viewpoint, support obligations "amount to a tax on earnings," he said.

Some fathers give up, while others find casual work. The recent studies identified a range of government programs and experiments, especially education and training efforts like the Job Corps, that had shown success and could be scaled up.

Scholars call for intensive new efforts to give children a better start, including support for parents and extra schooling for children.

Criminal Justice 

They call for teaching skills to prisoners and helping them re-enter society more productively, and for less automatic incarceration of minor offenders. 

 higher education is vital to economic success

"We spent $50 billion in efforts that produced the turnaround for poor women," Mr. Mincy said. "We are not even beginning to think about the men's problem on similar orders of magnitude."

The most compelling case behind the vulnerability of black boys in school comes from these selected findings collected by the Schott Foundation.

Expulsions and Suspensions: Consisting of only 8.6 percent of public-school enrollments, black boys represent 22 percent of students expelled from school and 23 percent of students suspended.

Dropouts: Between 25 percent and 30 percent of America's teen-agers fail to graduate from high school with a regular high-school diploma. That figure climbs to over 50 percent for black male students in many U.S. cities.

Special Education: Studies have found that black students nationwide are 2.9 times as likely as whites to be designated as mentally retarded. They also have been found to be 1.9 times as likely to be designated as having an emotional problem and 1.3 times as likely to have a learning disability. Since twice as many black boys are in special education programs as black girls, it is difficult to blame heredity or home environments as the root causes for these figures. In some metropolitan districts, 30 percent of black males are in special education classes, and of the remaining 70 percent, only half or fewer receive diplomas.

Graduation: While 61 percent of black females, 80 percent of white males and 86 percent of white females receive diplomas with their high school cohorts nationally, only 50 percent of black males do so.

Juvenile Incarceration: One hundred and five of every 100,000 white males under 18 are incarcerated. That figure is three times as high for black youth at 350 per 100,000. Also, more black males receive the GED in prison than graduate from college.

Unemployment: Nearly 25 percent of black youths 16 to 19 were neither employed nor in school, according to the 2000 census, nearly twice the national average for this age group and six times the national unemployment rate.